![]() ![]() The reaction begins in the amygdala, which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus. This system utilizes and activates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. ![]() After the fight or flight response, the parasympathetic system's main function is to activate the "rest and digest" response and return the body to homeostasis. Efferent vagal fibers originating from the nucleus ambiguous fire in parallel to the respiratory system, decreasing the vagal cardiac parasympathetic tone. While the sympathetic nervous system is activated, the parasympathetic nervous system decreases its response. It is known as the calming portion of the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the sacral spinal cord and medulla, physically surrounding the sympathetic origin, and works in concert with the sympathetic nervous system. This response is recognised as the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms. The hormone osteocalcin might also play a part. The hormones estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol, as well as the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, also affect how organisms react to stress. More specifically, the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially norepinephrine and epinephrine. His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system, preparing the animal for fighting or fleeing. It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon. The fight-or-flight or the fight-flight-or-freeze (also called hyperarousal or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival. A dog and cat expressing the fight (top) and flight (bottom) response simultaneously. ![]()
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